Learn Characterization of municipal solid waste in the United States; 1994 update, EPA 530-R-96-001. As a consequence, substantial quantities of end-of-life plastics are accumulating in landfills and as debris in the natural environment, resulting in both waste-management issues and environmental damage (see Barnes et al. Biodegradable plastics can also be composted, and this is a further example of tertiary recycling, and is also described as organic or biological recycling (see Song et al. Owing to the large amount of waste glass generated, the waste glass recycling base is an indispensable municipal supporting facility of a sustainable city. Table3 provides data on some environmental impacts from production of virgin commodity plastics (up to the factory gate), and summarizes the ability of these resins to be recycled from post-consumer waste. Even degradable plastics may persist for a considerable time depending on local environmental factors, as rates of degradation depend on physical factors, such as levels of ultraviolet light exposure, oxygen and temperature (Swift & Wiles 2004), while biodegradable plastics require the presence of suitable micro-organisms. Let us UG! Thermoplastics, including PET, PE and PP all have high potential to be mechanically recycled. 4.40 3.66 while the amount of msw produced ent up per person per day, recycling ha also increased. The average amount of MSW generated in the EU is 520 kg per person per year and projected to increase to 680 kg per person per year by 2020 (EEA 2008). Designing a program from finish to start means basing a collection program on requirements for how the recyclable materials must be sorted, prepared, and delivered to the recyclable product end market while keeping consistency in mind (e.g., modify and compartmentalize roll-offs to accept sorted recyclables, consider residual liquid when compacting recyclable bottles, implement source separation or comingled recycling). A., Moloney C. L.2009, Monitoring the abundance of plastic debris in the marine environment, Structuring policy problems for plastics, the environment and human health: reflections from the UK, PET waste management by chemical recycling: a review, Song J. H., Murphy R. J., Narayan R., Davies G. B. H.2009, Biodegradable and compostable alternatives to conventional plastics, Degradable polymers and plastics in landfill sites, Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife, Thompson R. C., Swan S. H., Moore C. J., vom Saal F. S.2009a, Thompson R. C., Moore C. J., vom Saal F. S., Swan S. H.2009b, Plastics, the environment and human health: current consensus and future trends, Flakes-to-resin (FTR)recycling with FDA approval, Eco-efficiency: creating more value with less impact, Container deposits: the common sense approach v.2.1, WRAP food grade HDPE recycling process: commercial feasibility study, Annual local authorities Plastics Collection Survey 2007, Domestic mixed plastics packaging: waste management options, Large-scale demonstration of viability of recycled PET (rPET) in retail packaging, LCA of management options for mixed waste plastics, Local authorities Plastics Collection Survey, Study reveals carbon impact of bottling Australian wine in the UK in PET and glass bottles, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Plastics, the environment and human health, http://www.bpf.co.uk/Oil_Consumption.aspx, http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/strategy/factsheets/landfilltax.htm, http://www.ephc.gov.au/ephc/plastic_bags.html, http://www.environ.ie/en/Environment/Waste/PlasticBags, http://www.grrn.org/beverage/refillables/Europe.html, http://www.wbcsd.org/includes/getTarget.asp?type=d&id=ODkwMQ, http://www.wrap.org.uk/retail/case_studies_research/rpet_retail.html, http://www.wrap.org.uk/wrap_corporate/news/study_reveals_carbon.html, high with natural HDPE bottles, but more complex for opaque bottles and trays because of wide variety of grades and colour and mixtures with LDPE and PP, poor recovery because of cross-contamination with PET, poor recovery rates, mostly as mixed polyolefins that can have sufficient properties for some applications. plastics recycling, plastic packaging, environmental impacts, waste management, chemical recycling, energy recovery, Good practices guide on waste plastics recycling, Aguado J., Serrano D. P., San Miguel G.2007, European trends in the feedstock recycling of plastic wastes, Assessment of environmental biodegradation of synthetic polymers, Applications and societal benefits of plastics, An analysis of plastics consumption and recovery in Europe, Life cycle assessment of a plastic packaging recycling system, Recycling of polymeric materials used for food packaging: current status and perspectives, Standard guide to development of ASTM standards relating to recycling and use of recycled plastics, British Plastics Federation. 2008. A good place to start is changing the products that are purchased (e.g., avoiding excessive and unneeded packaging, using new products or equipment that require less use of the product). Food-grade rPET is also now widely available in the market for direct food contact because of the development of super-clean grades. Reducing the amount of packaging used per item will reduce waste volumes. Therefore, it is possible that the negative effect of attitude is a way in which, when controlling for the practical aspectswhat, where and how to recyclemore abstract views about recycling do not always translate into recycling but the opposite (cf. A major portion of plastic produced each year is used to make disposable items of packaging or other short-lived products that are discarded within a year of manufacture. Therefore, degradation rates vary considerably between landfills, terrestrial and marine environments (Kyrikou & Briassoulis 2007). This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Sink/float separation in water can effectively separate polyolefins (PP, HDPE, L/LLDPE) from PVC, PET and PS. Some shift away from single-use plastic carrier bags to reusable bags has also been observed, both because of voluntary behaviour change programmes, as in Australia (Department of Environment and Heritage (Australia) 2008) and as a consequence of legislation, such as the plastic bag levy in Ireland (Department of Environment Heritage and Local Government (Ireland) 2007), or the recent banning of lightweight carrier bags, for example in Bangladesh and China. considerable variability in energy, water and emissions from recycling processes as it is a developing industry and affected by efficiency of collection, process type and product mix, etc. Recycling is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the recycling and reuse of material resources, including circular economy. Sorting performance can be maximized using multiple detectors, and sorting in series. Rigid plastics are typically ground into flakes and cleaned to remove food residues, pulp fibres and adhesives. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. After size reduction, a range of separation techniques can be applied. In the UK, producer responsibility was enacted through a scheme for generating and trading packaging recovery notes, plus more recently a landfill levy to fund a range of waste reduction activities. Composting is gaining popularity as states pass regulations to ban yard waste from landfills; finished compost can be returned to campus as a soil amendment. manufacture into a re-usable container, which once entering the waste stream is collected and recycled into a durable application that when becoming waste in its turn, is recovered for energy. Optical sorters can be used to differentiate between clear, light blue, dark blue, green and other coloured PET containers. Recycling is clearly a waste-management strategy, but it can also be seen as one current example of implementing the concept of industrial ecology, whereas in a natural ecosystem there are no wastes but only products (Frosch & Gallopoulos 1989; McDonough & Braungart 2002). Plastic materials can be recycled in a variety of ways and the ease of recycling varies among polymer type, package design and product type. This has encouraged local authorities to organize collection of recyclables, encouraged some manufacturers to develop products with recycled content, and other businesses to supply this public demand. The current accepted philosophy in MSW is to follow an integrated approach, considering type, location, and quantity of wastes generated and disposal options. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Use of different media can allow separation of PS from PET, but PVC cannot be removed from PET in this manner as their density ranges overlap. These only have slight deterioration in clarity from virgin PET, and are being used at 3050% replacement of virgin PET in many applications and at 100 per cent of the material in some bottles. Liquefaction to diesel fuel or gasification through pyrolysis is also possible (Arvanitoyannis & Bosnea 2001) and interest in this approach to produce diesel fuel is increasing, presumably owing to rising oil prices. Administrative Support. Limitations to the broader application of rigid container re-use are at least partially logistical, where distribution and collection points are distant from centralized product-filling factories and would result in considerable back-haul distances. R. G. Hunt, LCA considerations of solid waste management alternatives for paper and plastics, Resources, Conservation and recycling, 14 (1995) pp 225 - 231, C. Molgaard, Environmental impacts by disposal of plastics from municipal solid waste, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 15 (1995) pp 51 - 63, C. Molgaard, L. Alting, Ecoprofiles for disposal processes Annual Technical Conference of the SPE, (1994), pp 3021 - 3025, ORTECH Corp., 2395 Speakman Dr., Mississsauga, Ontario, Canada, You can also search for this author in All LCI data are specific to European industry and covers the production process of the raw materials, intermediates and final polymer, but not further processing and logistics (PlasticsEurope 2008a). However, plastic films are currently recycled from sources including secondary packaging such as shrink-wrap of pallets and boxes and some agricultural films, so this is feasible under the right conditions. incineration requires substantial capital investment and the need to feed the incinerator may run counter to reduction and recycling goals.) The low weight-to-volume ratio of films and plastic bags also makes it less economically viable to invest in the necessary collection and sorting facilities. 2008). A recent LCA specifically for PET bottle manufacture calculated that use of 100 per cent recycled PET instead of 100 per cent virgin PET would reduce the full life-cycle emissions from 446 to 327 g CO2 per bottle, resulting in a 27 per cent relative reduction in emissions (WRAP 2008e). CSWD invited local artists to paint murals on 22-foot-long public recycling. Composting is used to recycle organic material (e.g., leaves, food waste, even low-grade papers). Hence, the general trend is for collection of recyclable materials through kerbside collection alongside MSW. APPA: Leadership in Educational Facilities, Institute for Facilities Management (APPA U), ACUHO-I/APPA Housing Facilities Conference, Certified Educational Facilities Professional (CEFP), Facilities Management Evaluation Program (FMEP), Part I: General Administration and Management, Part III: Energy Utilities and Environmental Stewardship. Recycling rare earth metals plays a significant role in reverse logistics (Swain and Mishra Citation 2019). Success is measured in various ways. Municipality recycling coordinators, the EPA and the environmental compliance department may be consulted. Casella Waste Systems is now trading at all-time highs with a market cap of over $1.8 billion. The amount of material going into the waste-management system can, in the first case, be reduced by actions that decrease the use of materials in products (e.g. De Young, 1989). J. Leidner, Concept of residual value and economics of recycling, AutoRecycle 95, Dearborn, Michigan, Nov 15-16, 1995, pp 151 - 160. Composting. Abstract Barker et al investigate the congruence of 102 college students' self-reported paper-recycling behaviors and attitudes with actual behavior. Consequently, waste glass recycling base has a . official website and that any information you provide is encrypted In Japan, for example, the excavation that is necessary for landfill is expensive because of the hard nature of the underlying volcanic bedrock; while in the Netherlands it is costly because of permeability from the sea. 1 and 2 bottles and jugs . Recycling is both an economic as well as environmental activity. (3) Disposal destinations include transfer stations, landfills or incinerators, making sure to dispose of the waste properly and in a timely and efficient manner. The Vermonters' Guide to Recycling poster is available in (Arabic), Bosnian, Franais (French), (Nepali), Espaol (Spanish), and Swahili.. 1. Here the collection rate of PET bottles was 74 per cent of sales, compared with 36 per cent of sales in other states with kerbside collection only. Life-cycle analysis can be a useful tool for assessing the potential benefits of recycling programmes. Infectious wastes are typically generated as a result of biological, medical, or pathological activities. These are the price of the recycled polymer compared with virgin polymer and the cost of recycling compared with alternative forms of acceptable disposal. For example, a small amount of PVC contaminant present in a PET recycle stream will degrade the recycled PET resin owing to evolution of hydrochloric acid gas from the PVC at a higher temperature required to melt and reprocess PET. 2009; Ryan et al. Various methods exist for flake-sorting, but traditional PET-sorting systems are predominantly restricted to separating; (i) coloured flakes from clear PET flakes and (ii) materials with different physical properties such as density from PET. As an economic activity, recycling represents recovery of residual value from waste product. Figure 6. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Departments of Chem. Recycling plastic packaging, Local or State Requirements. These include four categories: primary (mechanical reprocessing into a product with equivalent properties), secondary (mechanical reprocessing into products requiring lower properties), tertiary (recovery of chemical constituents) and quaternary (recovery of energy). The most common metric is the quantity of waste recycled as a percentage of total waste (i.e., diversion). Many states reclassify wastes more stringently than the EPA, therefore the state, not the federal classification will most likely be what managers will have to know to determine proper disposal methods for campus waste. a CO2-e is GWP calculated as 100-yr equivalent to CO2 emissions. Most post-consumer collection schemes are for rigid packaging as flexible packaging tends to be problematic during the collection and sorting stages. and transmitted securely. Hence, although higher oil prices also increase the cost of collection and reprocessing to some extent, recycling has become relatively more financially attractive. 1998; Marques & Tenorio 2000)[JH1], FT-NIR or Raman emission spectroscopic detectors to enable flake ejection and using differing electrostatic properties (Park et al. Learn what goes in Vermont curbside/blue recycling bins. Prepared for Council for Solid Waste Solutions. Once material enters the waste stream, recycling is the process of using recovered material to manufacture a new product. There may be other environmental costs or benefits of any such alternative material usage, but these are a distraction to our discussion of the benefits of recycling and would need to be considered on a case-by-case basis. In: Akovali, G., Bernardo, C.A., Leidner, J., Utracki, L.A., Xanthos, M. (eds) Frontiers in the Science and Technology of Polymer Recycling. The plastics industry has developed considerably since the invention of various routes for the production of polymers from petrochemical sources. 2009; Thompson et al. An average net reduction of 1.45 tonnes of CO2-e per tonne of recycled plastic has been estimated as a useful guideline to policy (ACRR 2004), one basis for this value appears to have been a German life-cycle analysis (LCA) study (Patel et al. Although the level of recycling activities fluctuates over time, the underlying driving forces point to the overall increase of these activities. They can replace paper-based systems with Internet systems and use double-sided photocopying. Downgrading is a term sometimes used for recycling when recovered plastic is put into an application that would not typically use virgin polymere.g. Google Scholar. recycling, composting, and disposal of msw has changed. Factors such as collection, storage, logistics, and disposal costs determine the best alternative for waste. INNOVATIVE RECYCLING AND WASTE REDUCTION PARTNERSHIP RUTLAND, Vt. (June 3, 2016) - Casella Waste Systems, Inc. and its customer and collaborator Hypertherm of Lebanon, N.H. have been recognized for their work and innovation around industrial recycling and waste reduction by the New Hampshire Businesses for Social Responsibility (NHBSR). Recycling PET, For many people, municipal solid waste management is out of sight, out of mind. In this era of increasing regulatory oversight (and the university community demanding greater environmental stewardship), the disposition of an item is considered before it is even purchased. This subsequently led Germany to set-up legislation for extended producer responsibility that resulted in the die Grne Punkt (Green Dot) scheme to implement recovery and recycling of packaging. Other methods include using campus media (e.g., student newspapers, radio public service announcements), established facilities office contact networks, manager interviews, presentations to and by student groups, information packets for students who choose recycling for a term paper or student project, social media networks, and special event recycling programs to support town-gown efforts. As the manufacture of plastics also requires energy, its production is responsible for the consumption of a similar additional quantity of fossil fuels. However, biodegradable plastics also have the potential to complicate waste management when introduced without appropriate technical attributes, handling systems and consumer education. The project reached the expected results (1); waste to landfill dramatically decreased and reuse increased. Comparing some environmental impacts of commodity polymer production and current ability for recycling from post-consumer sources. Economics dictate that most manufacturers will already use close to the minimum required material necessary for a given application (but see Thompson et al. Technological advances in recycling can improve the economics in two main waysby decreasing the cost of recycling (productivity/efficiency improvements) and by closing the gap between the value of recycled resin and virgin resin. Needs action on sorting and separation, plus development of further outlets for recycled PP, poor, extremely difficult to cost-effectively separate from co-mingled collection, separate collection of industrial packaging and EPS foam can be effective. There are also environmental and health concerns associated with their emissions. Advances in technologies and systems for the collection, sorting and reprocessing of recyclable plastics are creating new opportunities for recycling, and with the combined actions of the public, industry and governments it may be possible to divert the majority of plastic waste from landfills to recycling over the next decades. Even within the EU there are a wide range of waste-management prioritizations for the total municipal solid waste stream (MSW), from those heavily weighted towards landfill, to those weighted towards incineration (figure1)recycling performance also varies considerably. FOIA (e.g. For this reason, it is important to develop effective on-the-go and office recycling collection schemes if overall collection rates for plastic packaging are to increase. Ecoprofile is a form of life cycle assessment but with the application of weighing factors which allow for comparison and rating of impacts. So, while over a decade ago recycling of plastics without subsidies was mostly only viable from post-industrial waste, or in locations where the cost of alternative forms of disposal were high, it is increasingly now viable on a much broader geographic scale, and for post-consumer waste. After rebounding from a few bad decisions and rotten timing over the past two decades, the brothers . Bring-schemes tend to result in low collection rates in the absence of either highly committed public behaviour or deposit-refund schemes that impose a direct economic incentive to participate. and Polymer Sci .& Technology, Middle East Technical University, 06531, Ankara, Turkey, Gneri Akovali (Director, lecturer) (Director, lecturer), Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, 4800, Guimares, Portugal, Carlos A. Bernardo (Co-Director, lecturer) (Co-Director, lecturer), Polymer Tech., Ortec Corp., 2395 Speakman Drive, L5K 1B3, Missisagua, Ontario, Canada, Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council of Canada (NRCC), 75 de Mortagne, J4B 6Y4, Boucherville, Quebec, Canada, Polymer Processing Institute at Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, 07030, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, Leidner, J. If recycled plastics are used to produce goods that would otherwise have been made from new (virgin) polymer, this will directly reduce oil usage and emissions of greenhouse gases associated with the production of the virgin polymer (less the emissions owing to the recycling activities themselves). Here, we will primarily consider recycling of plastics into products that would otherwise have been produced from virgin polymer. Energy recovery from waste plastics (by transformation to fuel or by direct combustion for electricity generation, use in cement kilns and blast furnaces, etc.) However, the mixed plastics recycling scenario still has a positive net benefit, which was considered superior to the other options studied, of both landfills and energy recovery as solid refuse fuel, so long as there is substitution of virgin polymer. 2000), which also found that most of the net energy and emission benefits arise from the substitution of virgin polymer production. Terminology for plastics recycling is complex and sometimes confusing because of the wide range of recycling and recovery activities (table2). In some instances recovered plastic that is not suitable for recycling into the prior application is used to make a new plastic product displacing all, or a proportion of virgin polymer resinthis can also be considered as primary recycling. This article looks at the general findings of the numerous research projects on recycling jointly undertaken by the two organizations. Approaches to increasing the recycling of films and flexible packaging could include separate collection, or investment in extra sorting and processing facilities at recovery facilities for handling mixed plastic wastes. Improvements in sorting/separation within recycling plants give further potential for both higher recycling volumes, and better eco-efficiency by decreasing waste fractions, energy and water use (see 3). 2009; Gregory 2009; Oehlmann et al. Examples are plastic crates and bins manufactured from HDPE recovered from milk bottles, and PET fibre from recovered PET packaging. The price of oil has increased significantly in the last few years, from a range of around USD 25 per barrel to a price band between USD 50150 since 2005. Most types of plastics are not biodegradable (Andrady 1994), and are in fact extremely durable, and therefore the majority of polymers manufactured today will persist for at least decades, and probably for centuries if not millennia. Recycling plastic, can be used to reduce landfill volumes, but does not reduce the demand for fossil fuels (as the waste plastic was made from petrochemicals; Garforth et al. Collection of used plastics from households is more economical in suburbs where the population density is sufficiently high to achieve economies of scale. One contribution of 15 to a Theme Issue Plastics, the environment and human health. Introduction to Recycling. ABSTRACT Purpose Recent UK legislation requires businesses to segregate their food waste and present metal, plastic, glass and paper waste for collection separately. Primary recycling is often referred to as closed-loop recycling, and secondary recycling as downgrading. (1) Waste removal from the building, using trash chutes and a trash room or by using trash carts with appropriate custodial staff to remove refuse from buildings and assess the volume and type of trash. Solid Waste Definition Solid Waste. Washington, DC. Recycling of this non-bottle packaging has become possible because of improvements in sorting and washing technologies and emerging markets for the recyclates. For example, all PET bottles are made from similar grades of PET suitable for both the bottle manufacturing process and reprocessing to polyester fibre, while HDPE used for blow moulding bottles is less-suited to injection moulding applications. Recycling is contributing to the sustainable management of wastes and, because of advances in technologies and systems for segregating, collecting and reprocessing of recyclable wastes, it is. In addition, labels and adhesive materials should be selected to maximize recycling performance. Once in- house services are contracted to vendors, reestablishing in-house capabilities is difficult and expensive. Recycling is a process that converts the used material into usable after processing. Recycling packaging, Ideally, the plastic waste stream for reprocessing would also consist of a narrow range of polymer grades to reduce the difficulty of replacing virgin resin directly.
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